1. What is Lorentz Force?

The Lorentz force is the force exerted on a charged particle moving through an electric and magnetic field. In the case of purely magnetic fields, it's given by F = q(v × B), where q is charge, v is velocity, and B is magnetic field.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the Lorentz force equation:

Where:

• \( F \) — Lorentz force (N)
• \( q \) — Charge of particle (C)
• \( v \) — Velocity of particle (m/s)
• \( B \) — Magnetic field strength (T)
• \( \theta \) — Angle between v and B (degrees)

Explanation: The force is maximum when velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field (θ = 90°) and zero when parallel (θ = 0°).

3. Importance of Lorentz Force

Details: The Lorentz force explains phenomena like the Hall effect, particle motion in cyclotrons, and the operation of electric motors. It's fundamental in electromagnetism.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter charge in coulombs, velocity in m/s, magnetic field in tesla, and angle in degrees (0-180). All values must be positive.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What's the direction of Lorentz force?
A: It's perpendicular to both v and B, following the right-hand rule for positive charges (reverse for negative).

Q2: How does charge sign affect the force?
A: Negative charges experience force in the opposite direction to positive charges with same v and B.

Q3: What if there's also an electric field?
A: The full Lorentz force is F = q(E + v × B), where E is electric field.

Q4: What are typical values for q, v, B?
A: Electron charge = 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ C; Earth's field ≈ 50μT; Particle accelerators can reach several tesla.

Q5: Why is the force perpendicular to motion?
A: This means magnetic fields do no work - they change direction but not speed of charged particles.