1. What is Hydraulic Gradient?

The hydraulic gradient (i) is the change in hydraulic head per unit distance of flow. It represents the driving force behind groundwater flow and is a key parameter in Darcy's Law.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the hydraulic gradient formula:

Where:

• \( i \) — Hydraulic gradient (dimensionless)
• \( \Delta h \) — Head difference (m)
• \( \Delta L \) — Flow distance (m)

Explanation: The gradient is calculated by dividing the head difference by the distance over which this difference occurs.

3. Importance of Hydraulic Gradient

Details: Hydraulic gradient determines the direction and rate of groundwater flow. It's essential for understanding contaminant transport, designing drainage systems, and managing groundwater resources.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the head difference (Δh) in meters and the flow distance (ΔL) in meters. Both values must be positive numbers.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is a typical range for hydraulic gradient?
A: In natural systems, gradients typically range from 0.001 to 0.01, but can be higher in engineered systems or steep terrains.

Q2: How does hydraulic gradient relate to flow velocity?
A: According to Darcy's Law, flow velocity is proportional to the hydraulic gradient (v = Ki, where K is hydraulic conductivity).

Q3: Can hydraulic gradient be negative?
A: The magnitude is always positive, but the sign indicates flow direction (from high to low head).

Q4: What's the difference between hydraulic gradient and slope?
A: Slope refers to land surface elevation change, while hydraulic gradient refers to water pressure head change.

Q5: How is hydraulic gradient measured in the field?
A: By measuring water levels in multiple wells and determining the head difference over the distance between them.